Finance Is Based On Economics - 841 Words

Finance is based on economics. Therefore, to properly understand financial markets and their behavior, you must first understand economics. Economics is the concern of production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services. It is the science that arises out of the relationship between limited resources and unlimited wants and needs by humans. Macroeconomics started with John Maynard Keynes, an English economist, who published a book entitled General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money in 1936. Keynes offered a clarification for the fallout from the Great Depression, when goods remained unsold and workers unemployed, a feat that left classical economists stumped. Keynes theory explained why markets may not clear. This theory evolved throughout the 20th century, diverting into several macroeconomic schools of thought known as Keynesian economics, often referred to as Keynesian theory or Keynesianism. However, in this paper, we will discuss what macroeconomics is, v ariables that make a healthy economy, the goals of macroeconomic policy and how the goals might conflict, the differences between fiscal policy and monetary policy, and other types of policies. According to Webster’s dictionary Macroeconomics is defined as a study of economics in terms of whole systems especially with reference to general levels of output and income, and to the interrelations among sectors of the economy. However, macroeconomics is a branch of the economics field that studiesShow MoreRelatedMajor Economic Journal : Business And Economics Journal907 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness and Economics Journal The first journal I found was Business and Economics Journal which is an open access publisher. The main side gives an overview of useful links like most viewed article, indexing and archiving, eBook etc. Followed by article recommendations based on categories: †¢ Accounting †¢ Business Management †¢ Economics †¢ Finance †¢ Management †¢ Marketing Pursued by a tweet section, Editor Board, and other important information. Nevertheless, this webpage representsRead MoreMonitoring and evaluation1235 Words   |  5 PagesDevelopment Finance Monitoring and Evaluation Lecture-I Dec 2, 2013 Learning objectives 1 What is development? 2 Emergence of development economics 3 Development planning in India 4 Evaluating development programmes 5 What is impact evaluation? 6 Types of evaluation 7 Evidence-based policy making 8 Evaluation questions; hypotheses and performance indicators Development Finance (IFMR) Monitoring and Evaluation Dec 2,2013 2 / 11 Read More Shariah Principles Governing Islamic Law Essay950 Words   |  4 PagesIslamic finance is governed by the Islamic law (shari’ah) and the sources from Quran and Sunnah. Islamic finance is the financial framework that comprise the activities according to Islamic law that known as Shariah principle. In Islamic law, any activities involved must be prohibiting from riba. Riba means extra or excess interest in payment made by buyer or customer to the seller or bank. Besides riba, Shariah Law also prohibits any transactions that contain gharar (uncertainty) and maysir (gambling)Read MoreThe Impact Of Finance On Real Estate Assets And The Economic Outlook Of The Entire World Economy946 Words   |  4 Pagesfascinated me was the influence of finance on real estate assets and the economic outlook of the entire world economy. Studying modules such as, Financial Markets, Multinational Financial Management, Financial Statistics, Mathematics and Economics at university le vel was the revelation that perfectly matched my ambition in what I wanted to do. Studying the different factors that influence financial markets, organisations and entire nations is combining my interests for Finance to the balance I aimed forRead MoreEfficient Market Hypothesis Vs Behavioural Finance1747 Words   |  7 PagesEfficient Market Hypothesis v’s Behavioural Finance An efficient market is one in which share prices quickly and fully reflect all available information, where investors are rational, and there are no frictions. Investors determine stock prices on the basis of expected cash flows to be received from a stock and the risk involved. Rational investors should use all the information they have available or can reasonably obtain, including both known information and beliefs about the future. In an efficientRead MoreCorporate Finance Programs1540 Words   |  6 PagesCorporate Finance Programs Introduction In a companys operational activities, it is essential induce financial management in its organizational structure. All business operations center on the use of finances to incur profits that benefit the company employees, shareholders and their nations economic society. This context digs into the conduction of both managerial and corporate finance. The executive finance deals with managerial implication on financial techniques used alongside pecuniary decisionsRead MoreWhat Is The Transformation Of The Finance Function?1024 Words   |  5 PagesThe Transformation is facing financial management as a growing industry that provides a well-rounded wealth of information that is rapidly evolving along with the economic growth. As you well know our finance and accounting departments are under fire to perform dynamically. More exceptional than before is the weight to drive real-time intelligence and the constraints to develop a forward-looking analysis to support a business decision. In ret rospect, this coincides with dramatic shifts in businessRead MoreFinance : A Successful Entrepreneur1286 Words   |  6 PagesThe definition of finance is rather complex but Merriam Webster seems to provide the most comprehensive explanation, stating, â€Å"the management of revenues; the conduct or transaction of money matters generally, especially those affecting the public, as in the fields of banking and investment† (Merriam Webster). The management of revenues is essentially the core of what separates the jobs of finance majors, compared to other business-related majors such as accounting and economics. While accountantsRead MoreArticles Relating to Capital Structure-Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesArticles†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 References/Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 â€Æ' Introduction On Capital Structure :- In the field of finance capital structure means a way an organization or firms finances their assets by the way of some mix and match of Equity, Debt or Hybrid Securities. The modern thinking on capital structure is based on the Modigliani-Miller theorem given by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller. The theorem suggests that in a perfect market the total value of theRead MoreIn the modern finance theory , behavioral finance is a new paradigm , which seeks to appreciate and1000 Words   |  4 PagesIn the modern finance theory , behavioral finance is a new paradigm , which seeks to appreciate and expect systematic financial market influence of psychological decision making ( Olsen R A, 1998). In the recent studies irrationality in the decision making was revealed , based on certain cognitive limitations. The present chapter is divided into two aspects According to traditional models in finance and economics, human beings are rational while taking their decision. However the recent studies explain

Global Market Assessment Free Essays

1.The components of global market assessment include all of the following EXCEPT: A.sensory analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Market Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now B.infrastructure and technology analysis. C.analysis of government actions. D.sociocultural analysis. E.economic analysis. The four components of a global market assessment are economic analysis, sociocultural analysis, infrastructure/technology analysis, and analysis of government actions. 2. Resellers differ from producers in that resellers significantly alter the form of goods they sell. FALSEResellers do not significantly alter the form of the goods they sell. Wholesalers and distributors are two types of resellers. 3. Answer is â€Å"innovators†. See page 233 in text. 4. To evaluate the economic potential of a new global market, you would start with GDP and GNI. A country’s GDP is a measure of the total market value of final goods and services produced in a year. GNI is GDP plus net income earned from investments abroad and minus payments made to nonresidents (net investment income in and out of a country). A country’s income is only part of the economic picture. Purchasing power parity provides an estimate of the spending power of income within a country. Finally, you might evaluate a country’s human development index, which includes life expectancy, literacy, and distribution of income. (From textbook pages 135 to 138) (Please keep in mind that this would be ONE possible answer among many, many possible answers. Each short answer question is worth 7. 5 points, as announced in class, posted on Blackboard, and also as we discussed in section. You can earn partial credit even if your response is not 100% correct. ) How to cite Global Market Assessment, Essay examples

Focusing On Facts Higher Education Senator â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Focusing On Facts Higher Education Senator? Answer: Introducation Predominantly, education is a globally recognized empowerment tool and is considered a right in most countries. The Australian education industry like most education sectors has its shortcomings thus the need for the Australian government to implement various reforms for better performance of learners and boost their chances of global competitiveness and knowledge. Predominantly, the Australian education sector has faced funding, educational disadvantages, inequities, shortage of quality teachers and curriculum challenges. There's need to address the inequity in resource allocation between disadvantaged and advantaged schools, need to boost teacher quality because poorly trained teachers are unlikely to produce better student performance.The teacher shortage can be addressed through initiatives that make the teaching profession attractive and implementing strong teaching training curriculum. Currently, the Australian government has implemented various reforms, both negative and positive to its education sector. Particularly, these reforms have been characterized by the establishment of a national curriculum, national assessments have been standardized and a universal accessibility to preschool education.Moreover, professional teaching standards have been set to help produce quality teachers for quality student performance(Bentley and Savage 2017).There's urgent need to incorporate innovative teaching techniques, quality teacher accreditation standards and high-quality teacher training for better student performance.Teachers ought to be trained using modern techniques and curriculum so as to adequately prepare them for the classroom.With the changing technological advancements, student and teacher curriculum ought to accommodate the changes. Noteworthy, Australian 15-year-old learner scores in reading, Maths, and Science performance has declined over the years according to the Programme for International Student Assessment survey. Moreover, the knowledge and skill set of a 15-year-old Australian student is equal to that of an average 12-year-old Korean Student(Wilson, Dalton et.al,2015).Poor student performance in Maths, Reading, and Science is a challenge for the Australian learning population. Further, through the higher education reform package, admissions to higher learning institutions has been regulated and more transparent which is a positive move to foster accountability and fairness education. Also, choice of courses have extended to approved sub-courses(Birmingham N.d). Moreover, there's been established the higher education participation and partnership initiatives for the disadvantaged student population in Australia. Particularly, boosting performance in Science, theres need to implement the innovative and strong curriculum. Through quality nationalized teaching approaches to Science and Mathematics, student performance will improve curriculum on science should incorporate the changes in the world today. Additionally, the interaction between students and science-based professionals will enhance student understanding of science (Tytler 2016).Marketing, there's a shortage of qualified teachers to quench the demand for education in Australia. Specifically, the undersupply of teachers leads to poor student performance due to the high chances that some teachers are teaching outside their scope of expertise (Masters 2017).Notably, there's uneven distribution of qualified teachers in the Australian states. Victoria, New South Wales, and South Australia have reported an oversupply of teachers as compared to Queensland. Also, there's need to advance the teacher training programs in Maths and Science through pre-service initiatives to foster collaboration between science and Math based education programs(Department of Education and Training 2016). Noteworthy, the Australian government has made budgetary allocations towards science-based faculty, department collaboration on science matters which is aimed at increasing the number of qualified science teachers to boost student performance.In addition, capabilities and curriculum for teaching science have been explored and incorporated into the system of teaching science. There all the teachers need to ensure that all the teachers are qualified to teach their respective fields of study as opposed to qualified teacher engaging in areas not in which they have expertise but are forced to teach due to the problem of undersupply of teachers in schools. Further, there is a decline in participation in Science and Maths.Specifically,6.6 represents the female students who sat for the Maths and Science exams in the year 2013(Wilson, Dalton et.al,2015) in Australian thus the need to encourage gender equity. This can be advocated through compulsory studies in Maths and Science in all Australian States. Currently, the states of New South Wales and Western Australia, lack the mandatory requirement for students to study Maths.Further, there s need for a national curriculum stipulating compulsory subject to studies such as Science and Maths to create equal learning experiences and competitiveness.A uniform education curriculum is proof of education equality due to the fact that the standard measure of student performance is the same for each and every student in Australia.Further, a uniformed curriculum makes it easy for Australian learners to be incorporated into the labor force in any part of the Australian states. Moreover, there's the need to increase the population of qualified teachers.Undoubtedly, unqualified teachers are likely to encourage poor student performance and ignorance as opposed to qualified teachers who can handle the different student abilities and impart knowledge. Currently, in Australia, the teacher training threshold covers the top students between 26% to 39% between the years 1983-03.In a way, this has made the teaching profession in Australia less attractive (Masters 2017).There's need to attract the brilliant population of students into the teaching profession as a first choice rather than an option. Notably, there s need to increase the number f teacher training institutions, incorporate current changes in their training programs and set higher academic qualifications for would-be teachers to boost the chances of teaching profession being an attractive profession and to keep the teacher motivated. Additionally, there's need to reduce the disparities between students based on their social economic backgrounds. For the sake of equity, there ought to be equal learning experiences of students despite their social economic background. This can be achieved through equitable education resource allocation strategies and creation of equal opportunities for both privileged and underprivileged students (Masters 2017).Segregation of students based on the socioeconomic background should be eliminated completely. There ought to be an equal allocation of resources, inclusive of teaching facilities, qualified teachers and equal education opportunities across the board in Australian states to ensure equal learning experiences and to foster equal competitiveness among the Students, nationally and globally.All Australian schools should have adequate and equal education facilities despite location and social economic background of the learners.Equal treatment of indigenous and nonindigenous stude nts. Typically, there's a distinct connection between student performance and social economic background of a student.Underprivileged students are likely to attend underprivileged schools due to their socioeconomic background(Zyngier 2012).Noteworthy, it been observed that the performance of students with the low socioeconomic background is between 3-5 years after the advantaged students thus proof of inequitable education conditions prompting the need for government intervention.In Australia, wealthy schools receive excessive government support as opposed to disadvantaged schools.The Australian government ought to implement policies and strategies to equally distribute adequate resources to disadvantaged schools to afford the same opportunities to disadvantaged students.There's need to equip disadvantaged schools with adequate teachers and educational facilities for equal learning opportunities for the less privileged students.Usually, less disadvantaged students perform poorly due to in adequate resources and poor learning environment thus the need for government intervention. By and large, educational disadvantages have crippled the Australian education system.Such disadvantages are characterized by unequal education opportunities, experiences, and outcomes(Perry 2017).Notably, Australia recorded the highest shortage of qualified teachers between privileged and underprivileged schools thus the need to levelise learning field for all Australian learners despite the location and social economic background of students or the schools(Munro 2016).There need to employ more qualified teachers who possess high-quality training to help develop the education system in Australia and improve student performance.most Australian teachers engage in teaching subjects they did not major in thus the out of field teacher experience translating into poor student performance.This can be achieved through target teaching programs and qualified teachers being employed in learning institutions. Undoubtedly, the availability of resources is founded on the availability and distribution of funding in schools.There is an urgent need to adequately equip schools with the right resources to create a good learning environment for the students for better performance.ill equipped schools resulting in poor student performance.The deregulation of the Australian higher education sector is aimed at boosting education quality and competition levels in Australia.Regarding student experiences, disadvantaged students are unlikely to report engaging student-teacher relationship as compared to advantaged students thus accounting for the disparities in student performance and outcomes(Perry 2017).There's a three-year achievement gap between students in privileged and underprivileged students thus the need for intervention to provide equal opportunities, experiences to boost the learner achievements and outcomes. Particularly, it been observed that Catholic schools student performance is higher than those of public schools(Hunjan and Blumer 2016).The difference in student performance is attributed to the resource imbalances between private and private learning institutions.Poor student performance can be attributed to an inequitable education system thus the need to implement equitable measures in both public and private school systems to address the inequity in the different school operations.Funding ought to be primal for school expenditure and performance.The unavailability of resources is attributed to unfair distribution or lack of capital to fund operations thus the need for further finance based reforms in the Australian education sector.Primarily, the implementation of the Gonski model report will shape the Australian school funding system(Sky News 2017).It's a proposed authoritative policy on the school funding which is aimed at boosting equity and promoting accountability of finance s in education. Moreover, there s need to update the learning curriculum to accommodate the changes in the world today (Masters 2016).An updated curriculum equips the learners with the skills to face the 21st Century challenges. Also, theres need to incorporate innovative teaching methods to make learning interesting and memorable for the students. The embracing of modern teaching methods through the use of visual presentation aids will boost student performance due to the likely effect of better understanding and remembrance through visual aids (Department of Education and Training 2016).Remarkably, the Australian government introduced a national curriculum in the year 2010 with a view to promoting equity and similar learning experiences for all students (International Education News 2014). Through a nationalized curriculum, students are able to adequately compete for the available opportunities due to the uniform education background. Noteworthy, the implementation of the budgetary funding by the government to the higher education sector is believed to curtail research, scholarship programs and innovation (Sharaz 2017).Moreover, the package stipulates short repayment periods for student loans, higher fees and a reduced budget for research thus detrimental to the sustainability and development of the higher education sector. The higher education reform package offers no relief to students in higher learning institutions. The underprivileged students wishing to join higher learning institutions will reduce due to the lack of support from government funding which might go a long way in reducing the number of applications to higher learning institutions and fewer graduates from higher learning institutions (Massaro 2017).There an urgent need to make higher education fees more affordable for the ordinary Australian learner to achieve the right and access to education. Recently, the Australian government has made substantial changes to the higher education sector.However, the changes are likely to do more harm than good to the students.Specifically, subsidies for courses has significantly reduced whereas fees has increased.Moreover, lower repayment schemes and performance-based funding threshold has been introduced into the higher education sector in Australia.Particularly, there's been a decline in enrollments in higher learning facilities following the changes(Noonan 2017).The decline in the number of students in higher learning isnt admirable as this is likely to add to the structural unemployment rates in the future. The lack of skilled labor due to lack of training and knowledge can be directly influenced by higher fees which limit the affordability of training and knowledge acquisition for the future labor force. Additionally, theres need to promote vocational education and training so as to keep the current taskforce relevant with their skill set and knowledge.The reduced funding has also led to a decline in the vocational education and training numbers from 5.5 percent in the year 2012 to 4.4per cent in the year 2015.There s need for the Australian government to provide afford vocational training and education opportunities and facilities to boost participation numbers for a better-skilled labor force.Teacher education n is also another challenge for the Australian education system(Rickards 2016).Predominantly, quality teachers translate into quality student performance hence the need to invest in teacher education quality.The Australian government has implemented a top 30 percent entry requirement for teachers specializing in Numeracy and literacy education in a way to boost student performance in literacy and numeracy. The formulation of strict teacher accreditation requirements and quality education programs will adequately equip teachers to maximize the student potential thus translating to better student performance in literacy and numeracy. The supply of qualified teachers stands unmatched to the demand for education(Rickards 2016/) thus the need to increase the number of qualified to adequately satisfy the thirst for education in Australia.With an increase in the demand for education due to population growth, affordability of education and other factors, the population of qualified teachers is necessary to meet the demand to avoid undersupply of teachers.Mainly, teacher shortages can be eliminated by increasing the number of teachers in Australia through availing adequate teacher training institutions, tutors, quality curriculum to adequately prepare the teachers for the classroom. Noteworthy, there a shortage of teachers in history, language and geography in Australia (Rickards 2016).There s urgent need for the Australian government to make the teaching profession more attractive for more enrollment for teacher education thus boosting the supply of qualified teachers in different fields of expertise. There a huge problem of teachers, not an expert in the subject they are teaching thus leading to poor student performance due to lack of expertise in the tutoring subject. Noteworthy, the Australian government has made attempts to equalize funding to all schools. Particularly, some private schools have reported cases of reduced funding (Chan and Karp 2017).The move to reduced funding is aimed at promoting equitable funding in all schools and availing the excessive funding to activities aimed at boosting student performance. Notably, the Australian government aims to implement a minimum resource standard for all schools so as to promote equity in funding allocation for schools. Following the budget cuts, most schools in the Victorian state face budgetary shortfalls and the transition isnt as smooth as anticipated hence there ought to have been consultations between the private sector education players in the industry in the formulation of the minimum standard resource threshold which would have prepared the school administrators in Australia for the transition to come due to budgetary funding cuts. Further, there s need to address the growing achievement rates between learners from low and high social economic backgrounds.Noteworthy,13 percent-14 of a student in Australia underperform according to the international proficiency threshold in Maths, Reading, and Science(Save our Schools n. d). Particularly, students from wealthy backgrounds have higher education achievement outcomes as compared to less privileged students thus the need for government intervention to promote equitable opportunities for the underprivileged learners in its states. Also, nonindigenous learners have recorded higher outcomes educationally as contrasted with indigenous students hence the need to avail equal and adequate educational resources and opportunities for indigenous and nonindigenous students.The proposed fee hikes in the higher education learning institution is likely to harm the quality of education in those higher learning institutions.This is due to the fact that there will be resource limitations and teaching staff which may encourage poor performance. Budgetary cuts to the higher learning institutions contribute to high unemployment rates due to the limited investment into the higher learning sector of the economy (Baker 2017. Despite the availability of funding by government to public schools more needs to be done to ensure there s equity in resource distribution in schools (Boston 2017).Predominantly, public schools cater for the educational needs of disadvantaged students thus the need for adequate funding from the government.In addition, affordability of education, especially higher education is an issue that needs to be addressed in Australia. Higher education system in Australia has experienced various financial reforms in a bid to make it affordable for students (Bexley 2017).In the year 2018-21, higher education students fees have hiked by 1.8per cent which is likely to result in few student applications in higher learning institutions due to the increase in fees, fewer students are likely to apply. Under the higher education reform package students are bound to pay more fees within short repayment dates which are burdensome for the students (Croucher 2017). Moreover, the reduction in government funding to higher learning institution has shifted the cost to students. Categorically, government funding had availed more funds for research opportunities in higher education and provided learning opportunities for needy students through scholarship. The decline of government funding has negatively affected the needy students and crippled research.Remarkably the Australian government education reforms have yielded success in some regards.Specifically, school retention rates have increased over the years at 76.7 percent in the year 2009 from 74.4 percent in the year 2000(Harrington 2015).Further, teacher quality, awards for best-performing students and teachers, reporting of performance by schools are some of the implemented measures meant to boost the education sector performance in Australia.Equity in funding has availed equitable learning opportunities for the disadvantaged students in Australia.There is public and commonwealth funding toward s the Australian education system. Arguably, the Australian government efforts have contributed to the growth and progress of its education sector.Through government funding, disadvantaged schools have been able to accommodate more needy students.Through teacher quality accreditation standards and facilities, more teachers have been trained to take up the education challenges in Australia.The implementation of the Gonski model report on school funding is aimed at promoting equity and accountability in the funding of school programs.However, the budgetary cuts for higher education has shifted the burden cost to the learners.Students are expected to pay higher fees with short repayment cycles which is burdensome and inconvenient for struggling students in higher learning institutions.Affordable education ought to be key for Australian policymakers.There s room for further reforms in the education sector in Australia despite the current reforms. References Baker, E.(2016).University Students and staff protest government education reform. management Times .Available at https://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/university-students-and-staff-protest-government-higher-education-reform-20170808-gxrr39.html[Accesssed 15 Sep 2017] Bentley,T .,and Savage, G.C.(2017).Educating Australia-Why our Schools arent Improving.ABC News. Available at https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-02/educating-australia-why-our-schools-aren't-improving/8235222[Accessed 15 Sep 2017] Bexley, E.(2017).Higher Education Reform: Small changes for now but Bigs Ones to Come. The Conversation. Available at https://theconversation.com/higher-education-reform-small-changes-for-now-but-big-ones-to-come-76978[ Accessed 2 Sep 2017] Birmingham, S.(N .d).Focusing On Facts of Higher Education. Senator Birmingham. Com. Available at https://www.senatorbirmingham.com.au/focusing-on-the-facts-of-higher-education-reform/[Accessed 15 Sep 2017] Boston, K.(2017).Our School funding system is unfair and holding Australia Back. Heres how to fix it.ABC News. Available at iwww.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-13/our-school-funding-system-is-unfair-and-holding-australia-back/8a435300[Accessed 15 Sep 2017 Chan, G, and Karp, P.(2017). Gonski 2.0. Review to allocate Resources as funding is cut to private schools. The Guardian. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/may/02/gonski-review-allocate-resources-funding-cut-private-schools[Accessed 2 Sep 2017] Croucher, G.(2017).2017 Higher Education Reform: Cuts to Universities, Higher Fees for students. Available at https://theconversation.com/2017-higher-education-reform-cuts-to-universities-higher-fees-for-students-63185[Accessed 15 Sep 2017] Department of Education and Training.(2016).Enhancing the Training of Mathematics and Science Teachers Program. Australian Government. Available at https://www.education.gov.au/enhancing-training-mathematics-and-science-teachers-program[Accessed 15 Sep 2017] Department of Education and Training.(2016).Technology in Schools. Australian Government. Available at https://www.education.gov.au/technology-schools[Accessed 2 Sep 2017] Harrington, M.(2015).School Reform .Parliament of Australia. Available at https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook43p/schoolreform[Accessed 15 Sep 2017] Hunjan, R, and Blumer., C.(2016).Australian Schools are in absolute decline Globally, says PISA Report.ABC News. Available at https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-12-06/australian-school-performance-in-absolute-decline-globally/8098028[Accessed 15 Sep 2017] International Education News.(2014).Curriculum Reform in Australia .International Education psychology. Available at https://internationalednews.com/2014/12/04/curriculum-reform-in-australia/[Accessed 15 Sep 2017] Massaro, V.(2017).Higher Education Reform needs to have vision and be Affordable. The Australian .Com .Available at https://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/higher-education-reform-needs-to-have-vision-and-be-affordable/news-story/de4ecf1f9cee428d1591aa421fa897de[Accessed 15 Sep 2017] Masters G.(2017).Big Five challenges in School Education. Teacher Magazine. Available at https://www.teachermagazine.com.au/columnists/geoff-masters/big-five-challenges-in-school-education[Accessed 15 Sep 2017] Masters, G.(2015).Planning a Stronger Teacher Workforce. Teacher Magazine .Available at https://www.teachermagazine.com.au/columnists/geoff-masters/planning-a-stronger-teacher-workforce[Accessed 15 Sep 2017] Munro, K.(2016).Why Australia s education system going Backwards?.The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at https://www.smh.com.au/national/education/why-is-australias-education-system-going-backwards-20161208-gt6van.html[Accessed 15 Sep 2017] Noonan, P.(2017).Australian HE Reforms need further Vetting. Times Higher Education. Com. Available at https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/australian-he-reforms-need-further-vetting#survey-answer[Accessed 15 Sep 2017] Perry, L.(2017).Educational Disadvantage is a huge Problem in Australia-we cant just carry on the same. The Conversation. Available at https://theconversation.com/educational-disadvantage-is-a-huge-problem-in-australia-we-cant-just-carry-on-the-same-74530[Accessed 15 Sep 2017] Save our Schools.(N.d).A Vision for 2020: Achieve Equity in Economics. Sonscaberra .Com..Available at https://www.saveourschools.com.au/file_download/10[Accessed 15 Sep 2017] Sharaz, D.(2017).Go8 Universities disappointed By Proposed Higher Education Reforms.SBS. Com. Available at https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/05/02/go8-universities-disappointed-proposed-higher-education-reforms[Accessed 15 Sep 2017] Sky News.(2017).PM lauds Biggest Ever School Funding Reform. Sky News.Com. Available at https://www.skynews.com.au/news/top-stories/2017/06/23/gonski-2-0-school-funding-reforms-pass-senate.html[Accessed 15 Sep 2017] Tytler, R.(2016).Three Ways to boost Science in Australian Schools. The Conversation. Available at https://theconversation.com/three-ways-to-boost-science-performance-in-australian-schools-69770[Accessed 15 Sep 2017]. Wilson, R., Dalton, B, and Baumann, C.(2015).Six ways Australia s Education System is Failing our kids. The Conversation. Available at https://theconversation.com/six-ways-australias-education-system-is-failing-our-kids-32958[Accessed 15 Aug 2017] Zyngier, D.(2012).The Great Equity Debate: A Fair Go for Australian Schools .The Conversation .Available at https://theconversation.com/the-great-equity-debate-a-fair-go-for-australian-schools-5609[Accessed 15 Sep 2017]

Safeguarding Essay Example

Safeguarding Essay Outline key legislation and regulations which govern safeguarding adults work. In this part of the assignment I will be stating the main key points of each piece of legislation and how it is applied in practice. Safeguarding Vulnerable Adults thesis piece of legislation was introduced on the 8th November 2006, the whole idea of this act is to protect adults who are at risk of abuse due to a vulnerability. For example, someone with Down syndrome may be more at risk of getting abused due to their lack of social skills and knowledge. The key points of this legislation are? Every employee needs a CRY/DBS check, especially within a health and social care environment. This can prevent abusive situations from occurring. Every single workplace has their policies and procedures to make sure that they follow this act. Rehabilitation of Offenders Act teethe rehabilitation of offenders act 1974 of the I-J Parliament enables some criminal convictions to be ignored after a rehabilitation period. Key points of this legislation include: For adults, the rehabilitation period is 5 years for most non-custodial sentences. For a young offender- under the age of 18, the rehabilitation period is generally half that or adults. Prison sentences of more than 2 h years can never been spent. The rehabilitation period is determined by the sentence, and starts from the date of the conviction. After this, if there has been no further conviction the conviction is spent. The Ex offender may not have to mention what they have done whilst applying for a job. Http://www. Legislation. Gob. UK/gap/1974/53 21907521653500Depending on the conviction, it depends on how much time is spent: How is this applied in practice? We will write a custom essay sample on Safeguarding specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Safeguarding specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Safeguarding specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The rehabilitation offenders act protects offenders from discrimination when applying for a Job due to their previous records. It also makes it possible for them to lead a normal life, particularly if they have served their sentence and are desperate to put the past behind them. The Police Act 1997 The police act was introduced in 1997. This was a result of the Danceable massacre which took place in 1996. The Danceable massacre took place in a school where a man walked into a school and shot 16 children and a teacher in the space of three minutes. This was the reason the police act was introduced, purely so massacres like these cannot happen anymore. No person is allowed to carry a firearm without a license. Another reason as to why the police act was introduced was so police have access to computers, mobile phones and cameras. This is in case the police think someone is suspicious, they may be able to back it up with proof, for example, if someone is holding indecent content on their computer/laptop the police will be able to find out and search the computer to find out the proof theyre looking for. This act will help to safeguard adults in the future by making the public aware that the police can easily access phones, computers and cameras. Therefore people are less likely to o the crime as they are more at risk of being caught. The Sexual Offences Act 1976 The act was introduced in 1976. This was because the government wanted tougher sentences against adult sex offences. The act complements the new criminal Justice act, under serious sex attacks will receive mandatory life sentences. The key point of this legislation is to protect vulnerable adults, make them feel safe, have regular CRY/ DBS checks. If an individual has been put on the sexual offenders list then they could be on there for the rest of their life, or up to five years depending on how their court case goes. A few bigger points are: In 2003 the sexual offences act changed so people can even be convicted from having horrifically inappropriate photos to flashing or even rape and sexual harassment. People convicted of a sexual offence must tell the police about their living arrangements and if they are planning to move they must inform the police so the police can investigate if the home is suitable. If they want to leave the country they must get permission although in most circumstances countries will not allow them in anyway. Http://www. Cups. Gob. UK/news/ fact_sheets/sexual_offences/ It makes new provisions about sexual offences, their reversion and the protection of children from harm from other sexual acts and connected purposes. This then means that sex offenders cannot work with vulnerable adults or children, if they were to apply for a unsuitable Job, they could be convicted. Care Standards Act nationally minimum standards were published in 2003 following the care standards act 2000. They form the basis of the inspection of a care setting to protect a patient from being abused/neglected. Different versions of national minimum standards exist for each category of a care setting: Care home for older people (65+) Care home for adults (18-65) Domiciliary care homemade. Nurse agencies Adult placement schemes This law replaced a law called the registered homes act 1984 which regulated nursing in residential homes. Its purpose is to have control of the whole concept of care and to regulate those who provide it. They will make regular checks to ensure that all the laws and policies/procedures are being followed. Care services it covers include independent fostering agencies, domiciliary social care providers, residential family centers and boarding schools. How is this applied in practice? Robust reoccurred should be in place for responding to suspicion or evidence of abuse or neglect to ensure the safety and protection of individuals. Mental Health Act 1983 The mental health act was first introduced in 1983 (further amended in 2007) and sets out how you can be treated if you have a mental disorder, and what your rights are. It was introduced to stop any person getting sectioned, to protect peoples health and also to make sure all your rights are protected. Constantinople have different types of mental disorders and they can be admitted to hospital against their will under this act. This includes people with severe mental impairment, psychopathic disorder or mental illness. Patients are only sectioned if they are a threat to themselves or others. For a patient to be sectioned it must be approved by two doctors and a social worker, even in some cases a close relative. How does this help stop abuse? In the past people could be sectioned by someone who disliked them or wanted them out of the way, due to this law, no one can be sectioned unless they need to be. Mental Capacity Act 2005 The mental capacity act 2005 came into force in England and Wales in 2007. This act revised the legal framework for acting and making decisions on behalf of vulnerable individuals who lack the mental capacity to make particular decisions, for example if somebody is really ill, it may be turning of a life support machine. This act applies to anyone aged 16 or over. It protects people with mental health problems as well as people with dementia, learning disabilities, strokes or brain injuries. People with mental health issues may find it difficult to make decisions some or even all of the time. How does the act support vulnerable people? Protecting those who cannot make their own decisions Making it clear who can make decisions on the persons behalf Allowing people to make some decisions in advance for themselves(living will) Providing a new service to support those who have no one to help them make decisions. Planning ahead. This act also states that anyone can plan ahead for a time when they may lack mental capacity by using a lasting power of attorney. Lasting power of attorney is someone who make decisions on their behalf. This includes decisions about property and financial affairs as well as health and personal welfare decisions. Disability Discrimination Act 1995 amended 2005 The disability discrimination act 1995 aims to end the discrimination that faces many people with disabilities. This act has been significantly extended, including by the disability discrimination order 2006. It was introduced to ensure that those with a disability have equal opportunities in everyday situations. The key points of this law are, it now gives people with disabilities rights in the areas of: Employment Education Access to goods, facilities and services, including larger private clubs and transport services. Buying or renting land/property Functions of public bodies How is it put into practice to help safeguard adults? To address some of the practical difficulties that these barriers present, the disability legislation, unlike other anti-discrimination legislation creates a positive duty on employers and service providers to make reasonable adjustment to their policies and premises where reasonable and appropriate, such as ramps and lifts. AS/ For this part of the task, you are required to demonstrate your knowledge by producing a grid that identifies and outlines w working strategies and procedures in place to help safeguard vulnerable adults. What is a law? A law is something that has been set in stone and will not change for any particular resonates is a strategy? A strategy is how you do something but this also depends on what setting you are in. Different working strategies may be different for each care home Guidance Brief outline How does it help protect the individuals? The protection of vulnerable adults scheme for adult placement (OVA) The Protection of Vulnerable Adults Scheme (OVA) has been introduced to help minimize abuse and involves checking records to assess the suitability of people to work as careers for vulnerable adults. This helps to protect individuals as they know that there is legalization and procedures put into place and therefore know that theyre safe from abuse. Every time I go into a care setting money is missing, as a result of this it gets reported each time and they soon establish that it is the same person who is being suspected as money is going missing at the same time every time a certain person is in. As a result of this there is now enough evidence that it is them stealing money and they are convicted and lose their license This helps to prevent financial abuse in a care home. No secrets- Dept. Of health guidelines 2000 / Review of no secrets guidance 2008 This law suggests that we do not keep secrets and if we suspect that this is happening we MUST report it and they will send investigators in. Dignitaries. Org This will prevent abuse in a work place as if somebody knows about it is their place to say, therefore it will hopefully stop abuse. Safeguarding adults- a national framework for good practice and outcomes in adult protection work 2005 This law states what level of care should be in place and that everybody should be treated fairly. This helps to rote individuals as they all know theyre being treated the same and have the same rights as anybody else Codes of practice for nursing and social work EGG. BASS, NC and SEC This law states that you have license to practice. You will be strike off if you do something wrong/bad. It also proves that you are who you say you are, regular training is given to update records. Youre unable to accept gifts from people youre working with as it could be seen as offensive. This will help protect individuals as if they know that youre being regularly trained and are up to date with information they may feel safer and secure under your care. Multi-agency working- decision making forums, keeping records, support planning and single assessment process. This is about different agencies working together to find out if a certain person is being abused, they communicate with everyone and working together helps to ensure that no body is abused. They also share information to come to a decision on what is best for the person. Having more than one agency looking out for you may make the individual feel worth something and as though they are safe and protected from anything in harms way. Staff training The company will pay for staff training and this MUST be regular. They will learn first aid, manual handling and the correct ways to move people in and out of beds and certain places. Staff being trained gives them trust from individuals, if theyre being trained properly then the individuals know that they are doing their Job properly Role of care quality commission (ICQ) This law is a set of inspectors that are there to do regular checks to ensure that you are doing your Job properly. If youre doing it right you will get a grade. Otherwise you will be told what to do and have another check-up 6 months later, if things have not improved you will more than likely be put out of business. This helps to protect individuals in a care setting as regular checks to make sure the home is running properly will make them feel as though they are important. They will know that they are safe as if something is wrong ICQ will pick up on it and something will get done about it http://www. ICQ. Org. UK/ Whistle blowing This is about reporting something that you see, it could be about how a member of staff are treating another person. If someone has trust in a care worker then they could tell them if anything is wrong, this could then send an alert to a member of staff and something could be done about it Complaint procedures Every organization has a complaints service, this is because people have the right to complain about something if they feel it Is not right or suitable. If a family member is worrying about the service user or has a complaint then this service will give them the opportunity to be able to complain and get their views put forward. MM/ Describe legalization, regulations, working strategies and procedures used in health and social care to reduce two types of abuse. Christine could be subject to physical abuse, to prevent this safeguarding adults 2006 could help as the law states that all careers should have a up to date DBS. This should minimize the chances of physical abuse in the care setting. Care standards act also outlines the standard of care that must be given in a home, this prevents abuse as if anything is below the standard they will either have serious consequences or will be completely shut down. OVA means that all staff has a ova check to make sure that they have not been previously convicted involving abuse of any kind. If they have this person will not be allowed to work with Christine. This will minimize the chances of her being abused as if they have not abused before they may not do it this time. No secrets this means that if other careers can see abuse happening they MUST report it. If the abu ser knows that someone will tell someone else that theyre abusing, they are less likely to do so. This could prevent her being abused as if she is being abused and someone knows about it they could tell someone else and it can be prevented as soon as possible. Christine could also be prone to financial abuse. The Mental capacity act could help Christine as she could have brain damage and be unable to make her own decisions and therefore needs a power of attorney. Having this could minimize the chances of uncial abuse as people would know who would be abusing her and be able to do something about it. As Christine has the mind of a child, if somebody tells her to do something like give them her money, she will more than likely do so. To prevent this, if somebody notices that there is money going missing they can use the police act to check her money going in and out, they can check all of her computers she has accessed to see if her online banking has been used, hopefully this way they will be able to track down the money and the person who stole it. This act can also prevent there things happening to Christine, it will prevent abusers taking possessions, benefits, inheritance and pressure in connection with wills.

Nothings changed and Not my Business Essays

Nothings changed and Not my Business Essays Nothings changed and Not my Business Paper Nothings changed and Not my Business Paper The most predominant theme in the two poems is that of sheer desperation. The notion of hope and hopelessness is effectively conveyed, representing the poets anger at the absence of democracy and equanimity in society. They struggle to restrain this frustration towards the outrageous political and social racism made against ethnic minorities in the way they have been. However, thematically, the way the oppressed deal with the unjust and prejudiced policies installed into society differs greatly between the poems. In Nothings Changed the poet returns to the wasteland that was once his home, and relives the anger he felt when the area was first destroyed. When confronted with the new hotels and the restaurants, which are surrounded by the poverty and suffering his deep content forces him to want to destroy the restaurant with a stone or a bomb. This makes him reflect that despite the changing political situation, there are still huge inequalities between blacks and whites. Nothings changed. Therefore, the subdued message in Nothings Changed is the Whereas, in Not my business a different message is conveyed, as in the beginning stanzas Osundare sits back, grateful he is safe, as those around him are taken away. Eventually, he too is taken away and the reader is left with the distressing and uninspiring ending. The poem runs parallel to a quote which came through from the most devastating human conflict in history, World War Two, Edmund Burke once said that all that is needed for evil to triumph is for good men to do nothing. This concept is particularly relevant in the poem and reflects the general theme of it, the way Osundare is allowing the government to act, rather than protesting. Similarly, both poems have a memorable last line. Afrika writes Nothings Changed for his last line and because the last line and the title are the same, a cycle is suggested, that simply nothings changed, and never will. It also suggests that he is returning to district six after his campaigning, and finds despite the removal of all the whites only signs, the town is still filled with prejudice. In Not my business. The theme of social division and the poets thoughts on them is a clear one throughout all the poems. In Nothings Changed, Tatamkhulu Afrika comments on how even though district six has ended its apartheid, people are still prejudiced towards black people, when he writes whites only inn. No sign says it is: but we know where we belong Afrika develops a sense of desperation and longing for a place or ideal society. He is desperate for district six before the apartheid, when people of all races and beliefs lived peacefully, as he says No board says it is: but my feet know. He finds himself longing for the past, when he was a member of the African National Congress, fighting against apartheid. The anger of the poet comes through as he reflects on his childhood, his hands burn for a stone, a bomb, to shiver down the glass of the Inn, as he did when he was younger. All three poems compare two ways of life. In Nothings Changed, Afrika compares his life with the ANC, fighting for equal rights, to his life now, after his victory, where prejudice still remains. Furthermore, through consistency and regulation in the structure the poets reflect the relentlessness of government regime and ongoing racial attitudes. Despite the morally unjust and unsubstantiated discrimination which still exists, there are no breaks in the poems and this represents the way racism has become embedded into society and peoples lives, so much so that the poets see no reason to stop the fluency of the poem because of it. On the other hand, this consistency in the structure could relate to the emotional state of the poet and their reaction to the injustices progressing in the poem. In Nothings Changed the structure appears regulated, implying the poet is managing to keep his emotions in check and accept the racism in South Africa. However, within the stanzas there are irregular line breaks and punctuation giving the poem a sense of choppiness, suggesting there are internal issues which the poet is struggling to control as the poem becomes progressively unfair. These line breaks and irregularities may, alternatively, symbolise the way that the government claim to have ended the apartheid and it appears over, however there are still underlying issues which exist in society. In addition, the punctuation creates speed and therefore tension, which creates a sense of ambiguity; the regularity of the stanza construction, evoking the concept of detached rationalism, contrasting with the wildly fluctuating line length, suggesting that the poet is struggling to contain his emotion. This structure successfully encapsulates the interior conflicts existing in South Africa. Whereas, In Not my Business the stanzas appear regular to represent the implacable government regime, inflicted on the oppressed peoples. The repetition of the sentence lengths and stanzas implies that, despite the death and kidnapping, the poet does not see it important enough to break the consistent structure. This poignant message optimises the idea of the whole poem that if there is not a will to protest, evil will go on and ultimately succeed. Finally, in the last stanza the indented few lines of what business is it of mine? , which seem to have been catching up with the poet throughout, are replaced with a full stop representing finality. Finally, the use of linguistic techniques, most predominantly the use symbolism, is most effective in helping the two poets convey the meaningful and differing messages intended. An important image in Nothings changed is that of the glass which shuts out the speaker in the poem. It is a symbol of the divisions of colour, and class often the same thing in South Africa. As he backs away from it at the end of the poem, Afrika sees himself as a boy again, who has left the imprint of his small, mean mouth on the glass. He wants a stone, a bomb to break the glass he may wish literally to break the window of this inn, but this is clearly meant in a symbolic sense. He wants to break down the system, which separates white and black, rich and poor, in South Africa. In Not my Business the image of the jeep is effective in personifying the government as threatening and monstrous. The jeep is symbolic of the establishment throughout the poem, it appears a like a predator, as it stuffed him down the belly implying they are monstrous and ruthless toward the victims. The government seem like a faceless and impersonal tyrant, who through bribing the people of their yam are enforcing a deadly regime that, much like the Nazi one, sees people taken away randomly, to die. The range and extent of the vocabulary used differs mostly between Not my Business and Nothing Changed. In Nothings changed Afrika is very detailed in his description of the wasteland. The purple flowering represents the White population at the beginning of the poem. The purple connotes royalty and class representing their superior position in society. The flowering implies growth and development, perhaps, socially, the problems getting worse and the racism is becoming stronger. This juxtaposes the amiable weeds which relates to the Blacks position, the way they are out of place and unwanted in society. The Blacks have removed them like an owner of a garden would remove a weed. Moreover, the images in the poem of the wasteland itself, the expensive restaurant, and the working mans cafe are sharply contrasted to create a sense of division, mirroring the division within the country itself and within the poets mind. The stark difference In Nothings Changed, Afrika says the Inn is flaring like a flag meaning it is glaringly bright. Flaring has another meaning: spreading gradually outwards, which is relevant to Afrikas feelings, as the Inns whites only prejudice is spreading throughout district six.

As Ict

txt, haway_practice. txt This scenario should be used for the purposes of preparing candidates for the examination. This copy must not be taken into the examination. The information contained in the scenario will be included in the examination paper. Further details are in the Instructions of the Conduct of Examinations (ICE), available from the Edexcel website for this qualification. Edexcel will not accept any request for special consideration should candidates be given the incorrect scenario for the examination they are sitting. Turn over W41049A Â ©2013 Pearson Education Ltd. 6/ *W41049A* Scenario Havering Whitecaps Maddy Wright and Katy Parrish have supported Havering Whitecaps since their boyfriends played for the team. Their boyfriends’ careers and the teenage romances are now very much in the past but their support of the team remains as strong as ever. Until 15 years ago the Whitecaps were a struggling non-league team with little support. There were times, on wet and cold November afternoons, when Maddy and Katy were the only supporters. In 1999 a magical thing happened to the Whitecaps. At that time the team’s position, both in football terms and financially, was perilous to say the least. However, a financial backer appeared in the form of Harold Adenyi. Harold had studied at the local college and even played a few games for the Whitecaps. His progress as a footballer was hampered by a lack of ability. He gave up on a career as a footballer to concentrate on what he was good at, which was IT and mathematics. He made a large amount of money by creating an online accountancy website called lesstax. com. Harold was looking for things he could offset against a huge tax bill and a loss-making football club seemed to be a good start. He bought the Whitecaps from the previous owners for ? 1 and immediately started to spend money on it. Harold’s flair for business meant that the loss-making football club did not stay loss-making for long. Harold signed a talented former football league manager and with his advice, spent money on players who all turned out to be good investments. The way the manager had the team playing soon started to increase its fan base, so Harold built a new stadium. The team continued to be successful and the new stadium was soon filled at every match, putting the club on a healthy financial footing. Financial success and playing success went hand-in-hand and, in 2001, Havering Whitecaps was elected to the Football League. After a few seasons, when the Whitecaps struggled to establish themselves, there followed a eriod of gradual success including promotion to the 1st Division and two years later the Championship. Last season the Whitecaps won the Championship and are currently looking forward to their first season in the Premier League. Throughout this period of development, Maddy and Katy have been screaming encouraging words to their team (and the occasional discouraging one to the opposition) and they have hardly missed a match. It was inevitable that as the Whitecaps’ two most dedicated supporters they would become the chairman and secretary of the supporters’ club. One of their main tasks is to organise away trips for fans. This involves buying the tickets, booking the coaches and deciding what to charge for the ticket and transport packages. With 14,678 registered supporters, organising the away trips is not an easy task. With the possibility of over 400 coaches travelling to an away match, the number of transport firms the pair could use was limited. Since the Whitecaps were promoted to the Championship Maddy and Katy have used ‘Rubicon Transport’ whose rates are reasonable and who can supply enough coaches on a match day. 2 W41049A Rubicon charge a fixed sum of ? 350 per coach, plus a ? 1. 50 fuel surcharge for every 100 miles travelled. In addition, Rubicon’s regulations state that a driver cannot be in charge of the coach for more than 9 hours a day. Should the whole trip last more than 9 hours (including the match time) a second driver would be required. There is a charge of ? 75 for the second driver. Premier League ticket prices vary greatly and Maddy has been quoted a range of prices varying between ? 30 and ? 54 by the Premier League clubs. Maddy and Katy do not need to make an overall profit. Their main aim is to get as many fans as possible to away matches. Although they can afford to make a loss on individual trips, they cannot afford to make a loss overall. Therefore an accurate prediction of the number of people who will want to go to a particular match is vital. They are also aware that more people will want to go to some matches than others. To help find out how many people are likely to go to each match they ran an online survey. This was completed by 94% of their registered supporters. To make data analysis easier, Katy has classified the teams as shown in the table. EG Teams fighting for European glory MT Mid-table teams RD Teams likely to be involved in the relegation dogfight PR Newly promoted teams In addition to the classification of the team, she found that other things affect the number of people likely to go to away matches. Fewer people would go if the match was played on a weekday rather than a Saturday (or Sunday). The longer the travelling time, the fewer supporters were prepared to travel. Finally, the overall cost of the package would discourage some from attending certain matches. W41049A 3 Turn over Description of the model Maddy and Katy have to be as accurate as they can when setting the prices as they don’t need to make a profit but cannot afford to make a loss. Maddy and Katy need a model to help them decide on prices. Therefore, Maddy has persuaded her brother Kieran, who works in IT, to create a model. Kieran wanted to make the model reusable so that he could sell it to other supporters’ clubs. Unfortunately, before he could finish the model, the company Kieran worked for sent him to Dubai on a three-year contract. Maddy has asked you to complete the model and use it to suggest prices for the next season’s away matches. Kieran has left you these notes. Worksheet Description Teams This is the worksheet that will be used to set the package prices. I have listed the teams in the Premier League along with Katy’s classifications. For ease of viewing I have included information from other worksheets and have calculated the total costs, revenue and profit. There is a profit for each trip and a total profit for the season. The worksheet will also calculate the total number of supporters going to away matches. Cell B2 contains a drop-down box to choose the team you support. Fixtures This worksheet is a calculated page which lists the dates of the home and away fixtures. Lookups This worksheet contains a number of lookup tables. There are two blank areas, these will contain the fixture information provided by the Premier League. There are other tables to look up the day of the week, the likely support based on the teams’ classification, the number of registered supporters and the ticket costs for the various clubs. Distances, Times These worksheets contain the distances between the grounds and the average times it would take a coach to travel those journeys. I got these from a very helpful man at the RAC. Customer This worksheet is incomplete. Once completed it will predict the number of supporters who would travel to each away match. This is based on the number of registered supporters and then adjusted according to the home team classification, then package price and finally the travel time. I haven’t finished the analysis of the survey yet so I cannot put in formulae to take into account the travelling time and the overall cost. A friend of mine is doing the analysis for me and he will forward the results to you as soon as he has them. Transport In this worksheet I calculate how many coaches are needed, the cost per coach and the overall transport cost for the trip. Transport Rates In this worksheet I have entered the transport rates as quoted by Rubicon Transport. I hope you find it easy to understand my notes. Good luck completing it. Kieran Wright 4 W41049A Some cells in the model are password protected. Should you wish to experiment with the model, the password is edexcel. Be aware that if you change the contents of any protected cell the model may not work. Please note that the Football League and Premier League referred to in this scenario are fictitious. W41049A 5 As Ict txt, haway_practice. txt This scenario should be used for the purposes of preparing candidates for the examination. This copy must not be taken into the examination. The information contained in the scenario will be included in the examination paper. Further details are in the Instructions of the Conduct of Examinations (ICE), available from the Edexcel website for this qualification. Edexcel will not accept any request for special consideration should candidates be given the incorrect scenario for the examination they are sitting. Turn over W41049A Â ©2013 Pearson Education Ltd. 6/ *W41049A* Scenario Havering Whitecaps Maddy Wright and Katy Parrish have supported Havering Whitecaps since their boyfriends played for the team. Their boyfriends’ careers and the teenage romances are now very much in the past but their support of the team remains as strong as ever. Until 15 years ago the Whitecaps were a struggling non-league team with little support. There were times, on wet and cold November afternoons, when Maddy and Katy were the only supporters. In 1999 a magical thing happened to the Whitecaps. At that time the team’s position, both in football terms and financially, was perilous to say the least. However, a financial backer appeared in the form of Harold Adenyi. Harold had studied at the local college and even played a few games for the Whitecaps. His progress as a footballer was hampered by a lack of ability. He gave up on a career as a footballer to concentrate on what he was good at, which was IT and mathematics. He made a large amount of money by creating an online accountancy website called lesstax. com. Harold was looking for things he could offset against a huge tax bill and a loss-making football club seemed to be a good start. He bought the Whitecaps from the previous owners for ? 1 and immediately started to spend money on it. Harold’s flair for business meant that the loss-making football club did not stay loss-making for long. Harold signed a talented former football league manager and with his advice, spent money on players who all turned out to be good investments. The way the manager had the team playing soon started to increase its fan base, so Harold built a new stadium. The team continued to be successful and the new stadium was soon filled at every match, putting the club on a healthy financial footing. Financial success and playing success went hand-in-hand and, in 2001, Havering Whitecaps was elected to the Football League. After a few seasons, when the Whitecaps struggled to establish themselves, there followed a eriod of gradual success including promotion to the 1st Division and two years later the Championship. Last season the Whitecaps won the Championship and are currently looking forward to their first season in the Premier League. Throughout this period of development, Maddy and Katy have been screaming encouraging words to their team (and the occasional discouraging one to the opposition) and they have hardly missed a match. It was inevitable that as the Whitecaps’ two most dedicated supporters they would become the chairman and secretary of the supporters’ club. One of their main tasks is to organise away trips for fans. This involves buying the tickets, booking the coaches and deciding what to charge for the ticket and transport packages. With 14,678 registered supporters, organising the away trips is not an easy task. With the possibility of over 400 coaches travelling to an away match, the number of transport firms the pair could use was limited. Since the Whitecaps were promoted to the Championship Maddy and Katy have used ‘Rubicon Transport’ whose rates are reasonable and who can supply enough coaches on a match day. 2 W41049A Rubicon charge a fixed sum of ? 350 per coach, plus a ? 1. 50 fuel surcharge for every 100 miles travelled. In addition, Rubicon’s regulations state that a driver cannot be in charge of the coach for more than 9 hours a day. Should the whole trip last more than 9 hours (including the match time) a second driver would be required. There is a charge of ? 75 for the second driver. Premier League ticket prices vary greatly and Maddy has been quoted a range of prices varying between ? 30 and ? 54 by the Premier League clubs. Maddy and Katy do not need to make an overall profit. Their main aim is to get as many fans as possible to away matches. Although they can afford to make a loss on individual trips, they cannot afford to make a loss overall. Therefore an accurate prediction of the number of people who will want to go to a particular match is vital. They are also aware that more people will want to go to some matches than others. To help find out how many people are likely to go to each match they ran an online survey. This was completed by 94% of their registered supporters. To make data analysis easier, Katy has classified the teams as shown in the table. EG Teams fighting for European glory MT Mid-table teams RD Teams likely to be involved in the relegation dogfight PR Newly promoted teams In addition to the classification of the team, she found that other things affect the number of people likely to go to away matches. Fewer people would go if the match was played on a weekday rather than a Saturday (or Sunday). The longer the travelling time, the fewer supporters were prepared to travel. Finally, the overall cost of the package would discourage some from attending certain matches. W41049A 3 Turn over Description of the model Maddy and Katy have to be as accurate as they can when setting the prices as they don’t need to make a profit but cannot afford to make a loss. Maddy and Katy need a model to help them decide on prices. Therefore, Maddy has persuaded her brother Kieran, who works in IT, to create a model. Kieran wanted to make the model reusable so that he could sell it to other supporters’ clubs. Unfortunately, before he could finish the model, the company Kieran worked for sent him to Dubai on a three-year contract. Maddy has asked you to complete the model and use it to suggest prices for the next season’s away matches. Kieran has left you these notes. Worksheet Description Teams This is the worksheet that will be used to set the package prices. I have listed the teams in the Premier League along with Katy’s classifications. For ease of viewing I have included information from other worksheets and have calculated the total costs, revenue and profit. There is a profit for each trip and a total profit for the season. The worksheet will also calculate the total number of supporters going to away matches. Cell B2 contains a drop-down box to choose the team you support. Fixtures This worksheet is a calculated page which lists the dates of the home and away fixtures. Lookups This worksheet contains a number of lookup tables. There are two blank areas, these will contain the fixture information provided by the Premier League. There are other tables to look up the day of the week, the likely support based on the teams’ classification, the number of registered supporters and the ticket costs for the various clubs. Distances, Times These worksheets contain the distances between the grounds and the average times it would take a coach to travel those journeys. I got these from a very helpful man at the RAC. Customer This worksheet is incomplete. Once completed it will predict the number of supporters who would travel to each away match. This is based on the number of registered supporters and then adjusted according to the home team classification, then package price and finally the travel time. I haven’t finished the analysis of the survey yet so I cannot put in formulae to take into account the travelling time and the overall cost. A friend of mine is doing the analysis for me and he will forward the results to you as soon as he has them. Transport In this worksheet I calculate how many coaches are needed, the cost per coach and the overall transport cost for the trip. Transport Rates In this worksheet I have entered the transport rates as quoted by Rubicon Transport. I hope you find it easy to understand my notes. Good luck completing it. Kieran Wright 4 W41049A Some cells in the model are password protected. Should you wish to experiment with the model, the password is edexcel. Be aware that if you change the contents of any protected cell the model may not work. Please note that the Football League and Premier League referred to in this scenario are fictitious. W41049A 5

The Changing World Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Changing World - Assignment Example The assignment "The Changing World" discusses the issue of how rapidly the world is changing as whatever was in place twenty-five years ago, is not the same today and will not be so in the next twenty-five years. And dreaming helps to make things happen as once upon a time, video calling, using the internet and traveling at such fast speed across the world was a dream for most people. The next twenty-five years will help the world witnessed a plethora of changes that affect human lives in general. The technological aspects and potential in the world are immense today, and many scientists from renowned institutes all over the world have stated how speed is going to give its definition a run for its money. In the computer industry, communication, information transfer and using technology will become a much easier job with great speeds that are unimaginable to man today. The use of silicon chips, faster processing systems etc will all help to share information and resources in a much easier and transparent manner. The environment is also a great aspect of what the future might hold in store. Today, it is being abused by a man and thus steps are being taken in order to preserve and conserve greenery in order to have a better future for the generations to come. Global warming should be countered in the future with better technology, the earth will definitely witness some unwanted changes what with the kind of natural calamities and disasters that have been striking because of environmental changes in the atmosphere.

Sale of Goods Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sale of Goods Contracts - Essay Example Money is the commonly used consideration in exchange of goods world over as the medium upon which the price of commodities is set after negotiations by the parties involved. Sale of goods contracts do not necessarily require formal documentation for them to be binding. The parties can make contracts expressly by word of mouth, put in writing, partly in writing and partly by word of mouth or the parties can imply them in their conduct. Under the sale of goods contract, the price of goods is determined through several ways including; a joint decision by the parties, adoption of a course reached under the contract, have a fixed price in the contract or have the buyer incur a rational cost for the goods. The goods in question can be either existent or prospect goods that the seller will obtain or produce after entering the sale contract. The buyer may also determine specific details in the goods before completing the sale, or may not give the specific details in the event of general good s or in cases where the goods are a part of already determined goods (Jennifer & Donald, 2007:136).  The capacity to enter into a sale contract in most legal systems across the globe depends on the prevailing rules pertaining to the capability of the buyer to bear liability for their actions. The seller has to be conscious of the age of the buyer, their mental sanity and sobriety at the time of sale in order to ensure that they are legally liable for their actions.    Although the sale contract must not be in writing for it to be binding, it is prudent that the it be in writing in order to avert any cases of vagueness and changes in the terms of sale agreed upon. Issues such as delays in delivery, changes in market prices, changes in the quality of goods agreed, the need to return goods owing to alteration in descriptions or whether the goods can be returned can only be effectively resolved if there is a written agreement upon which reference can be made (Sally, 2004:34). Such c ontracts put in writing may include such aspects of implied terms as: 1. The right of the seller to offer the goods for sale and that they are not subject to any security interests and that the buyer can quietly enjoy the goods. 2. In the event of sales made based on description, the good have to adhere to the descriptions or according to samples agreed upon by the parties. 3. The quality of the goods is satisfactory as agreed unless the buyer gets a notice of any alterations prior to completing the sale. 4. The seller will maintain the fitness of the goods at a reasonable level for the purpose implied or expressed by the buyer. Legal systems in the United Kingdom, like in most of other European countries, recognise both the expressly stated and implied sale contracts, although it gives more credit to the written agreements over the oral contracts. For the written contracts, both parties have to append their signatures on the contract in order for them to be legally binding. General ly, such contracts are final although there can be modification to the original contract if the buyer and the seller come to an agreement to that effect. In the event that any of the parties disagrees, the sale pact should remain as it was in the commencement of the

Family Business-Cadbury (Chocolate) Essay Example for Free

Family Business-Cadbury (Chocolate) Essay The Cadbury company is known for its chocolate-covered Cadbury Crà ©me Eggs, one of its many confectionary products.   Cadbury Chocolates hold a formidale 10% of the total market share of confectionary industry, making it the second-largest candy maker in the world next only to   Mars. Other candy brands produced by Cadbury are Dairy Milk, Flake, Trebor and Bassett, and Green Blacks (Answers, 2009). I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Organisational Structure Cadbury is a leading global confectionery company with an outstanding portfolio of chocolate, gum and candy brands. The company employs around 45,000 people and operate directly in more than 60 countries. Cadbury dates back to 1824, or 185 years and counting.   John Cadbury, the original owner, first opened shop in Birmingham, UK.   The first products sold were tea and cocoa. In 1831, Cadbury produced drinking chocolate and cocoa. In 1969, Cadbury merged with Schweppes and became Cadbury Schweppes. In 2003, Cadbury acquired Adams Confectionery which owned the Trident and Halls brands. On 7 May 2008, a demerging of Cadbury Schweppes occurred. Dr. Pepper Snapple Group Inc takes care of American beverages business and Cadbury takes care of the chocolate and confectionary business. The type of organisational structure being implemented in Cadbury is hierarchical structure. In a hierarchical structure, the chain of command starts from Managing director down to the Clerical Support assistants.   The top management makes the decision for the company.   These decisions are passed down to its staffs.   In this kind of organisational structure, the procedures and roles are clearly delineated.   This way the accountabilities are openly identified (Coursework Info, 2003). Cadbury organisation is being run based on the principles of democracy. Decisions are arrived at by conferring with several members of the company giving them a chance to voice their opinions before decisions are finalized (Coursework Info, 2003). Ideas are being discussed and given much thought as a group. The entire Cadbury organisation is built on Democratic structure because Cadbury wants all members to know and understand the importance of roles they are assuming.   Individuals are also given the chance to demonstrate their initiative, at the same time, and they are required to work as a team (Coursework Info, 2003). Cadbury remained a family business all throughout its operation.   Even when it merged wtih the Schweppes, Cadbury chairman must be a direct descendant of original owner John Cadbury and majority of its shares of stock are owned by family members or trusts. The Schweppes Limited however is never family-oriented.   For almost 200 years since its inception, the top management does not belong to a Schweppe (Answers, 2009). Current Cadbury Top Management Roger Carr, Chairman He became the Chairman in July 2008 replacing Sir John Sunderland. He became part of the Board of Directors in January 2001 and assumed the role Deputy Chairman and Senior Independent Non-executive Director in May 2003. He is also the Chairman of Centrica plc (Cadbury, 2009). Todd Stitzer, Chief Executive Officer He became part of the Board in March 2000 and CEO in May 2003. He was Chief Strategy Officer between March 2000 and May 2003. Prior to this he was President CEO of Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. between 1997 and 2000 (Cadbury, 2009). Andrew Bonfield, Chief Financial Officer Designate Became CFO Designate in February 2009 and CFO in April 2009. II.   Four Non-Core Elements a. Production United Kingdom Cadbury UK owns Trebor Bassett, Frys, Maynards and Halls. The confectionery company in the UK is Cadbury Trebor Bassett.   In August 2004, Cadbury UK had eight factories and 3,000 staff. Biscuits under Cadbury brand, such as Cadbury Fingers, are using the licence of Burtons Foods. Ice cream using Cadbury products, is made by Fredericks Dairies. Cadburys cakes and chocolate spread are made by Premier Foods. United States Cadbury plcs in the United States owns confectionery unit Cadbury Adams, which produces gum and mints not chocolates. Hersheys bought the chocolate business from Cadburys in 1988. The chocolate products may bear the Cadbury name but the chocolates are actually manufactured by Hershey’s and are being sold in Hersheys chocolate stores. This has led to a marked distinct taste of the Cadbury products such as Whole Nut sold in the United States.   The chocolate is less sweet compared to those sold in the United Kingdom (Hersheys, 2009). In line with the production of Cadbury chocolates using cocoa for its main ingredients, the company forged ties with government bodies to promote the welfare of its cocoa farmers.   In January 2008, Cadbury formed the Cadbury Cocoa Partnership with the United Nations Development Programme, local governments, farmers and communities (Cadbury, 2009). This aims to promote sustainability of cocoa-producing areas such as the farmers in Ghana, India, Indonesia and in the Caribbean.   Cadbury intends to put up  £45 million to finance activities that would (Cadbury, 2009): †¢ increase incomes of the cocoa farmer †¢ find alternative sources of rural income †¢ invest in programs that promote the community †¢ to create partnerships Production activities of Cadbury have been aimed at producing the best chocolates at reasonable prices. By taking care of the welfare of the farmers, they are assured that they qualities of the main ingredient in their chocolates cocoa – are not compromised. By making the farmers happy, they in turn, reaped benefits from it.

Travels With My Aunt. Essay -- English Literature

Travels With My Aunt. In Travels with my Aunt, Graham Greene, the author, tends to show less respect that we would present towards some traditional values and institutions such as religion, Church, marriage, police and funerals. His attitudes towards traditional values lets us see other points of view, for example we wouldn’t had laughed reading about a funeral whilst reading Travels with my Aunt we did. Henry is one of the few characters which Graham Greene show with a respectful attitude towards many things. However he changes and develops his ideas as the days pass by next to aunt Augusta. â€Å"I lead them into the dinning room† this quotation shows the respectful attitude Henry had towards the police at the beginning. â€Å"Police business of course, I said. What other business do you deal in?†, this other quotation is showing Henry talking with less respect than before and as he continues â€Å"It was almost as though my aunt were speaking through me.†, we realise that Henry is changing his attitude because of Augusta, because he is now close to Augusta and as she hasn’t got respect to the police Henry is starting to act the same way. Aunt Augusta on the other hand has been during the book a character who showed no respect or very little towards the police, authorities. She’s a woman who lives her life as she likes and does not care about legal or illegal attitudes. Graham Greene mocks the stereotypical character of an old lady, an example is one of the main characters of the book, Aunt Augusta. The audience would have expected her as a calm, sedentary woman, maybe married but instead she is very active, she’s very. The audience would have expected her as a calm, sedentary woman, maybe married but i... ...pical old woman, we wouldn’t expect woman of her age talking freely about sex whilst Augusta is not shy and so talks freely and happily about sex, this quotation proves it: â€Å"I am all for a little professional sex†. Also Graham Greene mocks daily life style and behaviours, an example is again aunt Augusta, she’s very attracted to men whilst an stereotypical woman of her age wouldn’t. â€Å"I let them in, though, because they were polite and one of them, the one in uniform, was tall and good-looking â€Å". This quotation proves that Augusta is very attracted to men. In conclusion, Graham Greene writes about daily life things but though another point of view, he stands out the curious, special, rare things that could happen in the most common occasions. Also Graham Greene mocks several pillars of respectability such as religion, law and traditional morality.

Gantt Chart Using Excel

Project-Management with Gantt-Charts OpenOffice. org 2. 0 Calc [Projekt-Management und Gantt-Diagramm mit OpenOffice. org 2. 0 Calc and Comment creer un diagramme de Gantt avec OpenOffice. org] [1. 1] First editions: [2005-06-06 and 2003-01-03] First English edition: [2005-11-09] Contents Contents Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 Copyright and trademark information†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Feedback†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Acknowledgments†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Modifications and updates†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Starting the Process†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Using the chart as a graphic in other applications†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 About the macro†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 Example: Planning a relocation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 Controlling the Project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 Public Documentation License, Version 1. 0†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 Project-Management with Gantt-Charts iii Copyright and trademark information Copyright and trademark informationThe contents of this Documentation are subject to the Public Documentation License, Version 1. 0 (the â€Å"License†); you may only use this Documentation if you comply with the terms of this License. A copy of the License is available at: http://www. openoffice. org/licenses/PDL. rtf The Original Documentation is â€Å"Comment creer un diagramme de Gantt avec OpenOffice. org†. The Initial Writer of the Original Documentation is Serge LE LOUARNE Copyright  ©2003. All Rights Reserved. (Initial Writer contact(s): serge. [email  protected] fr. Contributor(s): DIETMAR HILLER Portions created by DIETMAR HILLER are Copy right  © 2005.All Rights Reserved. (Contributor contact(s): [email  protected] de. Contributor(s): G. Roderick Singleton. Portions created by G. Roderick Singleton are Copyright  ©2005. All Rights Reserved. (Contributor contact(s):[email  protected] org . Portions created by ______ are Copyright  ©_________[insert year(s)]. All Rights Reserved. (Contributor contact(s):________________[insert hyperlink/alias]). All trademarks within this guide belong to legitimate owners. [Note: a copy of the PDL is included in this template and is also available at: http://www. openoffice. org/licenses/PDL. rtf. ] FeedbackPlease direct any comments or suggestions about this document to: [email  protected] org Acknowledgments I wish to thank every member of the German and French Native Language Communities who are not mentioned but contributed to my being able to provide a translation. To S. Schneider for fixing my errors and grammar. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts ii Copyright and trademark information Modifications and updates Version [1. 0] [1. 1] Date [2005-11-09] [2005-11-12] Description of Change [grs: Initial edition issued for comment] [ss: Proofed edition issued for publication] Project-Management with Gantt-Charts ii Overview Overview Gantt Charts are a way to graphically show progress of a project. Management of a project is made easier if it is viewed as small manageable items where the dependencies are visually illustrated, parallel processes are discovered, the overall processing time determined and progress tracked. The tasks of a project can be quite complex and dependent on each other. With a project management tool, such as a Gantt chart,all subtasks of a task can be viewed graphically. In this document a relocation-process to another city is used for all examples and is based upon the accompanying Calc template, . jm_template_english. ots which may be downloaded from http://documentation. openoffice. org/HOW_TO/ Relocation DD to M House-hunt ing Cancel apartment DD Cancel banking's order New leasing contract Organise relocation Send out new address Forwarding request Relocation Registration office Furnish the flat Reregister car Open an account Move bank account Relocation completed 01/04/05 01/05/05 31/05/05 01/07/05 31/07/05 31/08/05 30/09/05 Undone Done Start Illustration 1: The finished example In illustration 1, the subtasks of the relocation-process appear on the y-axis, and the time line on the x-axis.The bars show when a task should start and when it will be finished. Blue bars show tasks which have been completed. Yellow bars show work which still must be done. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 5 Starting the Process Starting the Process To chart a project, all the sub-tasks must first be collected in a spreadsheet. In this simple example there is the name of the task, the start-date and the duration in calendar days: Illustration 2: Task list This simplified project consists of eight subtasks â€Å"Task 1à ¢â‚¬  to â€Å"Task 8†. Next, begin creating the chart by selecting Insert—Chart: Illustration 3: Create the chartFrom the dialogue â€Å"AutoFormat Chart† define the selection range. Neither the first row (containing the column label) nor the first column (containing the task name) should be included as data. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 2 Starting the Process Click â€Å"Next ;;† , and choose the Chart type: Illustration 4: Choose chart type Choose the horizontal bar-chart and click â€Å"Columns† to indicate that the data are arranged in columnar form. Note: This changes the assignment of the axis in OpenOffice. org Calc. Now the horizontal axis is called â€Å"Y† and the vertical axis is called â€Å"X†. Click â€Å"Next ;;† and choose the variant â€Å"Stacked†:Illustration 5: Create chart with stacked bars Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 3 Starting the Process Click â€Å"Next ;;† once again an d enter chart and axis titles: Illustration 6: Adapt chart labeling The first Gantt Chart appears as follows: Illustration 7: Bar chart The task names are on the vertical axis (â€Å"Task 1† to â€Å"Task 8†) and the time line is on the horizontal axis. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 4 Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart In order to edit the properties of an element in the diagram,. double-click the chart to select it.Next, right-click to open the context menu and gain access to the chart properties: Illustration 8: Edit diagram properties Note: Ensure that no element in the diagram is selected, because otherwise the axis-properties can not be edited Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 5 Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart Select the y-axis, which now is the horizontal time line. (One could also select the horizontal axis using a left-click then right-click to open the context menu and finally choose Object Properties †¦ to format this axis. ) Set the Minimum to the real start-date, In this example this is 01/01/05.Furthermore the axis should get the start date, so check the checkbox â€Å"Automatic† in the line â€Å"Axis at†: Illustration 9: Adjust the time line This produces a chart as follows: Illustration 10: Gantt chart Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 6 Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart The orange bar symbolizes the time up to the start of the task. This bar should be made invisible. For this select the orange bar with a left-click, and then open its Object Properties after a right click. Under the tab â€Å"Borders† choose Style – Invisible, and under the tab â€Å"Area† choose Fill – None.Now the chart presents itself as follows: Illustration 11: The completed Gantt chart Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 7 Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 8 Using the chart as a graphic in other applications Using the chart as a graphic in other applications To use the Gantt-chart as a picture in another application, save the whole Calc document as HTML. This generates not only the HTML-file, but also a jpeg-file containing the chart which can then be included in other documents, such as anOpenOffice. org impress presentation.Remember to give the graphic a more descriptive name than, the the name suggested when the document is exported to HTML so that it can be found easily later Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 9 Using the chart as a graphic in other applications Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 10 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Extending Gantt charting for Project Management In order to manage a project, still more information is needed. The progress of any task should be tracked as a percentage of the task and displayed in the chart, and the dependencies of the subtasks should also be documente d.Furthermore the start-date should be determined automatically based on these dependencies. To be able to create such a plan easily, a template was made by the German Native Language Community ( http://de. openoffice. org/ ) called pjm_template. ots. Illustration 12: Calc template pjm_template. ots The current version of Gantt. zip contains the example spreadsheet and the spreadsheet itself can be downloaded from http://documentation. openoffice. org/HOW_TO/spreadsheet/pjm_template. ots Note: This template uses macros and upon opening displays a security warning. Therefore, macros must be enabled to use the file.The file, created from the template, contains the following columns: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ â€Å"Info† – Information about the progress of the task â€Å"No. † – unique number of the task. It is recommended to count in intervals of 100, to be able to add tasks later on â€Å"Activity† †“ description of the task â€Å"Start† – start-date of the task â€Å"Duration† – planned or actual duration of the task in calendar days â€Å"End† – end-date of the task. This gets calculated based on the start-date and duration. â€Å"Progress† in percentage â€Å"Done† – Duration * progress â€Å"Undone† – expected time remaining: Duration – Done 11 Project-Management with Gantt-ChartsExtending Gantt charting for Project Management †¢ â€Å"Predecessor† – List of tasks, which have to be completed, before this task can start. Separation is made by spaces. The column titles in the first row can be labeled freely, but the columns must not change their position. Some columns have a colored background: †¢ †¢ gray: these columns contain formulas, which are calculated automatically light blue: these columns can be edited manually, they can possibly be changed by the macro. It is recommended to use the last row for the end of the project. Thus new tasks, which are inserted above, are displayed in the chart automatically.About the macro The macro is named â€Å"update† and is written in OpenOffice. org BASIC. The way it works follows this sequence: ? ? Add duration and end-date, if they are missing For each row of the table 1. Where the task has not yet started (Progress ;= 0) Search for rows, whose number corresponds with the value in the column â€Å"Predecessor†. For those not familiar with project management terms, a predecessor is an activity that must be completed (or be partially completed) before a specified activity can begin. ( See http://www. apm. org. uk/page. asp? categoryID=4=29=0 for definitions. a) Determine latest possible end-date of these rows b) Set the successor start-date to this end-date ? ? Where the task is finished (Progress = 100%) 1. Determine duration from start-date and end-date Illustrate information of task ? The meaning of this list of steps is described later on in this document. The macro expects that the first row contains the headlines, the tasks start in row 2 and the columns are in the same place as in the example. Additional columns (for comments or some other purpose) must be located at the end. Note: The maximum number of predecessors is limited to 9. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 2 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Example: Planning a relocation This section describes the process of relocating from one city to another city and is based upon the template, pjm_template. ots. The first step is to create a list with all subtasks: Illustration 13: List of subtasks In preparing the set of tasks, getting mail forwarded was missed. So we inserted the activity â€Å"Forwarding request† in row 8 after the fact. Therefore this activity has the number 650. Inserting a row does not automatically copy any formulae, thus all the formulae must be copied to each cell in the new row manually.Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 13 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Next insert the start-date for the not-dependent tasks, as well as duration and expected enddate: Illustration 14: Insert start- and end-date House-hunting starts on 01/03 and should be finished by 31/08. For all the other tasks the duration is given. Now, define the dependencies of the tasks. The relocation (700) for example can not start before the new leasing contract is signed (400) and the relocation is organized (500). The tasks 300-9999 have no dependencies, thus there are no start-dates for these tasks.Illustration 15: Define dependencies Next insert the start-date for the not-dependent tasks, as well as duration and expected enddate: Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 14 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Illustration 16: Insert start- and end-date House-hunting starts on 01/03 and should be finished by 31/08. For all the other tasks the durati on is given. Now define the dependencies of the tasks. For example, relocation (700) can not start before the new leasing contract is signed (400) and relocation is organized (500). The tasks 300-9999 have no dependencies, thus there are no start-dates for these tasks.Illustration 17: Define dependencies As 20% of house-hunting are already done, and the current apartment is already canceled, the progress is 20% and 100% respectively. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 15 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Illustration 18: Calculated duration At this point call the macro by clicking on the button â€Å"Update†. The duration and end-dates are calculated, and the column start is completed. Illustration 19: The appropriate chart The organization of the relocation, the registration at the office and the opening of an account can be done simultaneously.On the other hand the bank account can not be moved immediately, because the current apartment is not yet relocated. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 16 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Controlling the Project During any project, start by implementing several subtasks. To begin a subtask, insert the start date in the column â€Å"Start†. Set the progress to a value greater than zero (1% e. g. ), so that â€Å"Update† will no longer change this date. If a task is completed, insert the real End-date, delete the duration and set the progress to 100%. When calling â€Å"Update† the next time, the required duration will be calculated.After each change in the table,invoke the macro †Update† to update the table accordingly. The â€Å"Info† column shows the current status of the project: Illustration 20: Table during project-controlling House-hunting has begun and is on schedule according to the progress The apartment has already been canceled, the task is completed. Cancelling the bank's order is due and not on schedule, this means, that the end -date is prior to the current date. All the other tasks are not due yet, they are not marked. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 17 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 8 Public Documentation License, Version 1. 0 Public Documentation License, Version 1. 0 1. 0 DEFINITIONS. 1. 1. â€Å"Commercial Use† means distribution or otherwise making the Documentation available to a third party. 1. 2. â€Å"Contributor† means a person or entity who creates or contributes to the creation of Modifications. 1. 3. â€Å"Documentation† means the Original Documentation or Modifications or the combination of the Original Documentation and Modifications, in each case including portions thereof. 1. 4. â€Å"Electronic Distribution Mechanism† means a mechanism generally accepted for the electronic transfer of data. 1. 5. Initial Writer† means the individual or entity identified as the Initial Writer in the notice require d by the Appendix. 1. 6. â€Å"Larger Work† means a work which combines Documentation or portions thereof with documentation or other writings not governed by the terms of this License. 1. 7. â€Å"License† means this document. 1. 8. â€Å"Modifications† means any addition to or deletion from the substance or structure of either the Original Documentation or any previous Modifications, such as a translation, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which the Original Documentation or previous Modifications may be recast, transformed or adapted.A work consisting of editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, and other modifications which, as a whole represent an original work of authorship, is a Modification. For example, when Documentation is released as a series of documents, a Modification is: A. Any addition to or deletion from the contents of the Original Documentation or previous Modifications. B. Any new documentation that contains any part of th e Original Documentation or previous Modifications. 1. 9. Original Documentation† means documentation described as Original Documentation in the notice required by the Appendix, and which, at the time of its release under this License is not already Documentation governed by this License. 1. 10. â€Å"Editable Form† means the preferred form of the Documentation for making Modifications to it. The Documentation can be in an electronic, compressed or archival form, provided the appropriate decompression or de-archiving software is widely available for no charge. 1. 11. You† (or â€Å"Your†) means an individual or a legal entity exercising rights under, and complying with all of the terms of this License or a future version of this License issued under Section 5. 0 (â€Å"Versions of the License†). For legal entities, â€Å"You† includes any entity which controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with You. For purposes of this definit ion, â€Å"control† means (a) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or otherwise, or (b) ownership of more than fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding shares or beneficial ownership of such entity. . 0 LICENSE GRANTS. 2. 1 Initial Writer Grant. The Initial Writer hereby grants You a world-wide, royaltyfree, non-exclusive license to use, reproduce, prepare Modifications of, compile, publicly perform, publicly display, demonstrate, market, disclose and distribute the Documentation in any form, on any media or via any Electronic Distribution Mechanism or other method now known or later discovered, and to sublicense the foregoing rights to third parties through multiple tiers of sublicensees n accordance with the terms of this License. The license rights granted in this Section 2. 1 (â€Å"Initial Writer Grant†) are effective on the date Initial Writer first distributes Original Documentation under the terms of this License. 2. 2. Contributor Grant.Each Contributor hereby grants You a world-wide, royaltyfree, non-exclusive license to use, reproduce, prepare Modifications of, compile, publicly perform, publicly display, demonstrate, market, disclose and distribute the Documentation in any form, on any media or via any Electronic Distribution Mechanism or other method now known or later discovered, and to sublicense the foregoing rights to third parties through multiple tiers of sublicensees in accordance with the terms of this License. The license rights granted in this Section 2. (â€Å"Contributor Grant†) are effective on the date Contributor first makes Commercial Use of the Documentation. 3. 0 DISTRIBUTION OBLIGATIONS. 3. 1. Application of License. The Modifications which You create or to which You contribute are governed by the terms of this License, including without limitation Section 2. 2 (â€Å"Contributor Grant†). The Documentation may be distributed only under t he terms of this License or a future version of this License released in accordance with Section 5. 0 (â€Å"Versions of the License†), and You must include a copy of this License with every copy of the Documentation You distribute.You may not offer or impose any terms that alter or restrict the applicable version of this License or the recipien ts' rights hereunder. However, You may include an additional document offering the additional rights described in Section 3. 5 (â€Å"Required Notices†). 3. 2. Availability of Documentation. Any Modification which You create or to which You contribute must be made available publicly in Editable Form under the terms of this License via a fixed medium or an accepted Electronic Distribution Mechanism. 3. 3.Description of Modifications. All Documentation to which You contribute must identify the [Document Title] 19 Public Documentation License, Version 1. 0 changes You made to create that Documentation and the date of any change. Y ou must include a prominent statement that the Modification is derived, directly or indirectly, from Original Documentation provided by the Initial Writer and include the name of the Initial Writer in the Documentation or via an electronic link that describes the origin or ownership of the Documentation.The foregoing change documentation may be created by using an electronic program that automatically tracks changes to the Documentation, and such changes must be available publicly for at least five years following release of the changed Documentation. 3. 4. Intellectual Property Matters. Contributor represents that Contributor believes that Contributor's Modifications are Contributor's original creation(s) and/or Contributor has sufficient rights to grant the rights conveyed by this License. . 5. Required Notices. You must duplicate the notice in the Appendix in each file of the Documentation. If it is not possible to put such notice in a particular Documentation file due to its str ucture, then You must include such notice in a location (such as a relevant directory) where a reader would be likely to look for such a notice, for example, via a hyperlink in each file of the Documentation that takes the reader to a page that describes the origin and ownership of the Documentation.If You created one or more Modification(s) You may add your name as a Contributor to the notice described in the Appendix. You must also duplicate this License in any Documentation file (or with a hyperlink in each file of the Documentation) where You describe recipients' rights or ownership rights. You may choose to offer, and to charge a fee for, warranty, support, indemnity or liability obligations to one or more recipients of Documentation. However, You may do so only on Your own behalf, and not on behalf of the Initial Writer or any Contributor.You must make it absolutely clear than any such warranty, support, indemnity or liability obligation is offered by You alone, and You hereby agree to indemnify the Initial Writer and every Contributor for any liability incurred by the Initial Writer or such Contributor as a result of warranty, support, indemnity or liability terms You offer. 3. 6. Larger Works. You may create a Larger Work by combining Documentation with other documents not governed by the terms of this License and distribute the Larger Work as a single product. In such a case, You must make sure the requirements of this License are fulfilled for the Documentation. . 0 APPLICATION OF THIS LICENSE. This License applies to Documentation to which the Initial Writer has attached this License and the notice in the Appendix. 5. 0 VERSIONS OF THE LICENSE. 5. 1. New Versions. Initial Writer may publish revised and/or new versions of the License from time to time. Each version will be given a distinguishing version number. 5. 2. Effect of New Versions. Once Documentation has been published under a particular version of the License, You may always continue to use it under the terms of that version.You may also choose to use such Documentation under the terms of any subsequent version of the License published by______________________ [Insert name of the foundation, company, Initial Writer, or whoever may modify this License]. No one other than ________________________[Insert name of the foundation, company, Initial Writer, or whoever may modify this License] has the right to modify the terms of this License. Filling in the name of the Initial Writer, Original Documentation or Contributor in the notice described in the Appendix shall not be deemed to be Modifications of this License. . 0 DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY. DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED UNDER THIS LICENSE ON AN â€Å"AS IS† BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES THAT THE DOCUMENTATION IS FREE OF DEFECTS, MERCHANTABLE, FIT FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGING. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY, ACCURACY, AND PERF ORMANCE OF THE DOCUMENTATION IS WITH YOU. SHOULD ANY DOCUMENTATION PROVE DEFECTIVE IN ANY RESPECT, YOU (NOT THE INITIAL WRITER OR ANY OTHER CONTRIBUTOR) ASSUME THE COST OF ANY NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.THIS DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY CONSTITUTES AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THIS LICENSE. NO USE OF ANY DOCUMENTATION IS AUTHORIZED HEREUNDER EXCEPT UNDER THIS DISCLAIMER. 7. 0 TERMINATION. This License and the rights granted hereunder will terminate automatically if You fail to comply with terms herein and fail to cure such breach within 30 days of becoming aware of the breach. All sublicenses to the Documentation which are properly granted shall survive any termination of this License. Provisions which, by their nature, must remain in effect beyond the termination of this License shall survive. 8. 0 LIMITATION OF LIABILITY.UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES AND UNDER NO LEGAL THEORY, WHETHER IN TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), CONTRACT, OR OTHERWISE, SHALL THE INITIAL WRITER, ANY OTHER CONTRIBUTOR , OR ANY DISTRIBUTOR OF DOCUMENTATION, OR ANY SUPPLIER OF ANY OF SUCH PARTIES, BE LIABLE TO ANY PERSON FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY CHARACTER INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF GOODWILL, WORK STOPPAGE, COMPUTER FAILURE OR MALFUNCTION, OR ANY AND ALL OTHER DAMAGES OR LOSSES ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF SUCH PARTY SHALL HAVE BEEN INFORMED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. Document Title] 20 Public Documentation License, Version 1. 0 9. 0 U. S. GOVERNMENT END USERS. If Documentation is being acquired by or on behalf of the U. S. Government or by a U. S. Government prime contractor or subcontractor (at any tier), then the Government's rights in Documentation will be only as set forth in this Agreement; this is in accordance with 48 CFR 227. 7201 through 227. 7202-4 (for Department of Defense (DOD) acquisitions) and with 48 CFR 2. 101 and 12. 212 (for non-DOD acquisitions). 10. 0 MI SCELLANEOUS. This License represents the complete agreement concerning the subject matter hereof.If any provision of this License is held to be unenforceable, such provision shall be reformed only to the extent necessary to make it enforceable. This License shall be governed by California law, excluding its conflict-of-law provisions. With respect to disputes or any litigation relating to this License, the losing party is responsible for costs, including without limitation, court costs and reasonable attorneys' fees and expenses. The application of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods is expressly excluded.Any law or regulation which provides that the language of a contract shall be construed against the drafter shall not apply to this License. Appendix Public Documentation License Notice The contents of this Documentation are subject to the Public Documentation License Version 1. 0 (the â€Å"License†); you may only use this Document ation if you comply with the terms of this License. A copy of the License is available at http://www. openoffice. org/licenses/PDL. rtf. The Original Documentation is _________________. The Initial Writer of the Original Documentation is ______________________ (C) ____. All Rights Reserved. (Initial Writer